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Leishmaniosis y el cambio climático en España

 Leishmaniosis y el cambio climático en España

La leishmaniosis canina es una enfermedad parasitaria grave que puede llegar a ser mortal para los perros. Es una de las enfermedades de mayor seroprevalencia en nuestro país: de hecho, se considera endémica en España y en otros países europeos.

Se trata de una enfermedad producida por un parásito llamado Leishmania que se propaga a través de un insecto muy pequeño, parecido a un mosquito, llamado flebotomo. El flebotomo transmite la leishmaniosis de un perro a otro después de haber picado a un perro contagiado de la enfermedad. Entre los síntomas de la leishmaniosis se pueden incluir la alopecia, pérdida de peso e incluso puede afectar a órganos internos como el riñón. Sin embargo, puede que no se presenten todos, o incluso ninguno. Además, la leishmaniosis es una enfermedad zoonótica, lo cual significa que se puede transmitir de los perros a las personas pero únicamente a través de la picadura del flebotomo, insecto que transmite esta enfermedad, y nunca directamente a través del perro.

En este artículo, queremos hablarte sobre cómo el aumento generalizado de las temperaturas en España (y en el mundo) ha dado lugar a un aumento de la actividad de los flebotomos durante todo el año en áreas donde antes no existían.

El efecto de las temperaturas en los flebotomos

Antes solía asociarse la leishmaniosis canina con la temporada de primavera-verano: esta comenzaba en mayo y se extendía hasta septiembre. Pero el aumento generalizado de las temperaturas a lo largo de los últimos años (la temperatura en España ha ido aumentando un 0,3% cada década desde los años 60¹) ha ampliado el periodo de actividad de los flebotomos. Ahora pueden encontrarse prácticamente durante todo el año, ya que a través de diversos estudios se ha visto que los flebotomos pueden permanecer activos (y seguir transmitiendo la leishmaniosis canina) hasta diciembre.

El aumento generalizado de las temperaturas no solo ha prolongado el número de meses en que los flebotomos están activos, sino que también han aumentado su distribución geográfica llegando a zonas en las que antes apenas se encontraban. En concreto, la prevalencia de flebotomos presenciada en las regiones consideradas más ‘frías’, como Asturias o Cantabria, ha aumentado de manera muy considerable en los últimos años ²,³.

La conclusión es clara: hoy en día, el flebotomo, y como consecuencia la leishmaniosis en perros es una amenaza en cualquier época del año y en cualquier lugar de España. Como familia, es nuestro deber reaccionar y protegerlos durante todos los meses del año frente a esta enfermedad

Cómo minimizar el riesgo de leishmaniosis durante todo el año

Hay muchos tratamientos que pueden minimizar el riesgo de que tu perro sea picado por un flebotomo y por tanto contraiga la leishmaniosis. Como primer paso para luchar frente a esta enfermedad, programa una cita con tu veterinario y pídele información sobre el mejor tratamiento para tu peludo.

Aparte de reducir el riesgo con el uso de productos antiparasitarios, es importante recordar que los flebotomos están más activos durante el atardecer y el anochecer, por lo que te recomendamos evitar los paseos con tu perro a esas horas y no dejarle dormir en el exterior. Para reproducirse, los flebotomos suelen preferir huecos y grietas como sótanos, basureros o raíces de árboles, porque son húmedos y protegidos. Es muy aconsejable revisar los espacios interiores y exteriores de tu hogar e instalar mosquiteras en las ventanas para impedir el paso de los flebotomos al interior de tu casa.

Por último, pero no menos importante, es vital para el bienestar de tu perro ir al veterinario al menos una vez al año para que le haga una prueba diagnóstica.

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